The term “second nature” refers both to man’s ability to intervene in his environment and to the result of this intervention- a capacity that distinguishes him from other elements in the first nature. Man’s increasing domination of nature has often been criticized as an artificial construction, most notably since the 20th century. Both populist and Marxist propaganda, but also various strands of esotericism which aimed to curtail man’s place in the universe, have thus spread the fear that this growing domination of nature will reduce man’s own naturalness and tighten the grip of (capitalist) society.

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